With the rapid development of electronics industry, on the printed circuit board (PCB) of the welding process and welding quality requirements higher and higher. Previous thermal curing and UV curing resists are using screen printing of graphics. Complete coverage from the line, size precision, consider using silk screen graphic methods have been incompatible, so the researchers developed a dry film resist. But the dry film resist because of its inherent limitations, can not fully meet the performance requirements of PCB, although technically its resolving power can reach nearly 25 m, but the scale is the actual production can be 75 ~ 100 m. The development of electronic technology, has asked the resolving power of high-density PCB on the forefront of the 75 m, and will be developed to 50 m, or even fine lines. Therefore, the urgent need for new photoresist, the resolving power to a higher level, especially at the board’s inner board manufacturing. In addition, PCB price competition, are becoming increasingly fierce, forcing manufacturers to ensure that the PCB PCB quality and performance of the premise, do everything possible to reduce the PCB manufacturing costs. Dry film resist according to their structure characteristics, its cost is difficult to reduce. In addition, the high-density PCB pad area required to minimize, or even a “no” pads, dry film resist is difficult to adapt to such a request. Therefore, many PCB manufacturers to shift attention to the liquid photoresist [1 ~ 5].

Present a new generation of liquid photoresist is an outstanding representative of the liquid photosensitive imaging inks (also known as wet-film resist) and the electrodeposition liquid photoresist (ED resist). Resist using these new, easy to get high resolution. For example, the usual source of non-alignment and standard imaging devices, imaging obtained after the resolution of 50 m. The use of a collimated light source, as long as the clean environment and ensure the appropriate base map conditions, the resolving power of up to 25 m. Outer or inner layer in the subsequent etching process, as compared with the dry film, liquid photoresist etching can give excellent results. This high resolution allows fine line PCB manufacturers can produce very low defect density of the product, and higher yield.

Photosensitive resist ink is a liquid solution developed for fine wire drawing production of a printing ink, commonly known as the wet film. It overcomes the thermosetting resist ink and dry production process in a number of challenges for fine wire and fine wire production. The most thin wide reach in 2. 54mm centered between the two pads three wires (0. 125mm) or four wires (0. 075mm), can also be used for high-precision craft, stencil mask, gravure printing production purposes, can be used to produce multilayer inner layer of fine wire. It consists of photosensitive resin, photosensitive agents, fillers, additives, pigments and solvents. Ink resolution up to 50 ~ 100 m, and good adhesion of copper clad board, there does not exist in the dry film production arising from the edge of the interface of bubble diffusion coating thereby causing the wire spikes, gaps, short circuit and other Defects. Ink is usually yellow light area in the security context of the handling, storage of about one year. Liquid photo plating resist ink of a brief technical operation procedures are as follows:

Pre-drying coating cooling exposure Imaging removal of ink curing plating post-processing etching

Liquid photosensitive resist leakage can use screen printing, spraying or curtain coating, etc. as a full page on the PCB coating without orientation, by pre-heating, the surface is dry, the application of ultraviolet camera bottom plate positioning exposure, development and access to accurate corrosion graphics. With the traditional hot solid, light solid and corrosion resistance compared to dry, first of all graphics and high precision can be easily obtained by 40 ~ 50 m in the solder joints graphics; other and the substrate and the copper wire with good heat resistance, high gap in the wire is filled with good, defective rate; Also, because of its use as thermosetting epoxy resin composition, it is chemical resistance, plating resistance, humidity, heat and electrical insulation are very good. In view of these advantages, foreign production of high precision multi-layer circuit boards and circuit boards have been using the liquid photosensitive resist.

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Over the last two decades, many advancements have occurred in the production of shop drawings due to advancements in computer technology. The developments in computer-aided drafting and building informational modeling (BIM) have impacted how shop drawings in structural steel, reinforcing steel and other trades are produced.

Computer-based 3D modeling has impacted constructability issues and improved communication among the major players in the overall construction process. Based on interviews conducted with a select group of fabricators, contractors and engineers, the author concludes that shop drawings produced using 2D and 3D computer software is a positive step toward improving constructability.

Just as the design, drafting, fabrication, and construction practices vary from company to company based on the size of the company, and the types of civil works they are involved in, so does the practice of production of shop drawings.

Each fabricator has to develop their own 3D model from 2D drawings which is contrary to what the architects do, that is developing 2D drawings from a 3D model. Issues of risk, legality, and responsibility come into play, and seemingly easy solutions are difficult to achieve.

The accuracy and precision of shop drawings is vital to the success or failure of an engineering project. The contractor is responsible for production of shop drawings and is required to review the shop drawings before transmitting them to the architect/engineer. The Architect/engineer is not obligated to review any shop drawing unless it has been reviewed by the contractor. This is also done to weed out the submittals that are seriously missing significant information, or do not agree with the contractors means and methods.

With the advancement of computer-aided drafting and 3D modeling technologies, and electronic submittals and review processes, positive steps have been taken to enhance the overall process of shop drawings. In the long run, if all the parties involved in the process can share their data and their 3D models so that all parties can work off of the same data base, it will immensely improve the accuracy and quality of the shop drawings.

The first and foremost stage is drawing the plan for construction. Once the plan has been drawn the next stage is the stage of the construction estimate. The right estimation of cost is very important for going ahead appropriately with the plans of construction. The estimate should be accurate and should be such that considers all areas of cost. Cost estimation is not a simple task but is one that must be done systematically and accurately.

For drawing the correct estimate you must firstly gather the right information. The current cost of material, labor and other expenses must be gathered. The calculations must be made on the current costs so as to get a realistic picture. The estimate must take into account all heads of costs that would be incurred on the project and must also cater for the profit element.

The estimation of construction costs is actually a cumbersome time consuming activity, but is very important. No project can go ahead without an accurate construction estimate. The estimate regarding the overall project must be made along with the individual aspects. What you are constructing whether a house, office or anything else would make a big difference. The type of construction and what you are constructing would make all the difference to the requirements for the project. The difference in material and labor would bring about a difference in the cost of the project.

With the developments in technology working out the costs of construction has also been made simple. The specialized software for estimation of construction costs would be of great help in trying to find out the overall estimate of the project as well as finding the breakdown regarding the individual stages and areas. You could either use a specialized software meant only for the purpose or else there are templates that can be downloaded to equip your excel program to make some of the required calculations. The software meant for estimating construction costs can be used for finding out the details of cost estimation for individual portions of the entire project. Several options are available for you to choose from. The software is designed to handle multiple functions and greatly simplifies the task of cost estimation. There are also features that help merge details of one project with that of another. It makes cost estimation simple as well as quick. The changes made can also be calculated in no time at all. The construction cost estimating software is a simple and quick way of making accurate cost estimates.

To convert a 2D house plan into 3D, all you need to do is to use readily available software available in the market. Various tutorial sessions come along with the downloadable converters such as: TurboCAD Delux, DesignCAD 3D MAX, Image DIG, 3D Maker, PSD 3D converter, Bas Relief, TopoGX converter, and Home plan Pro 5.2.21.3.

With the advancement of IT, more “techy” software applications are coming out. You can make objects move, add effects, and even transform data. A typical example is converting 2D model into 3D through the use of various software. With just few clicks, you can already alter one model to another and get results in a matter of seconds. Below are some of the software converters with their respective descriptions.

TurboCAD Deluxe

This software is intended for window users, which is an effective tool in converting 2D models into 3D drawings. This is commonly used by architects and engineers. You can choose from their unlimited designs, colors, and dimensions in creating a more realistic drawing.

DesignCAD 3D MAX

This program is easy to use even by neophyte designers. You can do animation, drafting, and other architecture-related works for both 2D and 3D models. Diverse dimensions can be created using this application depending on your needs and specifications.

Image DIG

A converter application, which allows you to change 2D into 3D images, has 3 modules that are capable of analyzing data, plots images, and process graphs. There is no need of drawing your model again; with this software, everything can be possible.

3D Maker

An Adobe Photoshop plug-in, 3D maker lets you create new drawings out of 2D images. The shading design makes your work appear more realistic by giving it a slightly raise effect.

PSD 3D converter

A program that is especially created to convert 2D to 3D designs. Although programmed files are made in Adobe, there is no need to install Photoshop before you can use this application.

Bas Relief

If you value depthness of an image more when converting 2D to 3D, bas relief is a good choice. This makes an effective tool in creating a make-believe design because of the strength it projects.

TopoGX converter

TopoGX is ideal software for surveyors, which is a converter, viewer, and editor at the same time. This can do automatic conversion of 2D to 3D with just one push. This can turn a simple blueprint of your house into something real and believable.

Home plan Pro 5.2.21.3

If you need to utilize scaled dimensions and create various layers for your building designs, this CAD product is the best software for you. So easy to learn and can be downloaded, installed, and updated anytime.

When creating a house layout, be sure to make it appealing by using designer’s application, so that clients will appreciate your work more.

D Girls and Pin Up Models.

Pin Up girls saw their heyday during World War II, when soldiers and sailors would put up pictures of the sexy ladies over their bunks. More recently, Pin Up Art has seen a revival through digital art and 3D model, such as DAZ Productions’ Victoria series. The artists have replaced their pens with 3D computer graphics software, and created modern-day pin-ups from the Vintage Pin-Up Girls free 3d models.

During World War II, soldiers and sailors loved to look at their glamorous pin up models, which featured women posing in eye-pleasing, sexy positions. The phrase “pin up” originated in the 1940s. Usually, pin up girls wore revealing clothes and sultry looks on their faces; their images would adorn magazines, post cards, and even the noses of military aircraft. Pin ups are idealized representations of what a man wants a beautiful woman to look like.

Producers like DAZ Productions, with the Victoria series, have given pin up art a fresh new feel in Digital 3D model. 3D computer graphics frees the artist from their pens and easels, and brings the vintage pin up into the modern world. Graphic artists no longer need drawing or painting skills to bring pin ups to life. All that digital artists require, with the assistance of computer graphics software, is a basic understanding of composition, posing and lighting. Programs like Poser, Vue Infinite and DAZ Studio can be used to create 3D Human Models in a virtual scene with props. This digital composition brings Virtual Girls to life with Pin Up Art spirit. A little polishing with some graphics software brings it all together. Classic Vintage Pin-ups join the 21st centure using these radical techniques.

The art of the pin up isn’t dead; it’s just been democratized! This new way allows everyone to digitally create their own pin-up girls. Sub-divided polygonal architecture and a gorgeous skin texture bring your pin-up girl alive with a feminine feel. You can make sublime works of art that will shine with sensuality and beauty. At last, with 3D Pin-Up Girls (free 3d models), we have a modern answer to the Pin Up girls of the past.